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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zechstein</span></h1>
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float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:var(--color-base, #000000); vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div style="width:auto; 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<p><b>Zechstein</b> ist eine <a href="Lithostratigraphie" title="Lithostratigraphie">lithostratigraphische</a> <a href="Gruppe_(Geologie)" title="Gruppe (Geologie)">Gruppe</a> der <a href="Dyas_(Geologie)" title="Dyas (Geologie)">Dyas</a> im nördlichen Mitteleuropa. Die Dyas (das Zweigeteilte, nach der Unterteilung in <a href="Rotliegend" title="Rotliegend">Rotliegend</a> und Zechstein) war der in Mitteleuropa geprägte Name für das <a href="Perm_(Geologie)" title="Perm (Geologie)">Perm</a>, der sich aber international nicht durchsetzen konnte. Im 20. Jahrhundert stand der Begriff <i>Zechstein</i> (wie auch Rotliegend) zudem für eine Einheit der <a href="Geologische_Zeitskala" title="Geologische Zeitskala">Geologischen Zeitskala</a> und wurde mit dem Oberperm gleichgesetzt. Dies wird heute nicht mehr praktiziert, denn die <a href="Liegendes" title="Liegendes">Liegend</a>-Grenze zum Rotliegend ist <a href="Diachronie_(Geologie)" title="Diachronie (Geologie)">diachron</a> und damit als Zeitmarke ungeeignet. Auch die <a href="Hangendes" title="Hangendes">Hangend</a>-Grenze Zechstein/<a href="Buntsandstein" title="Buntsandstein">Buntsandstein</a> liegt vor der internationalen <a href="Perm-Trias-Grenze" title="Perm-Trias-Grenze">Perm-Trias-Grenze</a>. Der Zechstein wird deshalb heute in der <a href="Wissenschaftliche_Literatur" class="mw-redirect" title="Wissenschaftliche Literatur">Literatur</a> nur noch als Gesteinseinheit (= Einheit der <a href="Lithostratigraphie" title="Lithostratigraphie">Lithostratigraphie</a>) interpretiert, nicht mehr als Zeitintervall der Erdgeschichte. Das Zentrum des <a href="Zechsteinmeer" title="Zechsteinmeer">Zechsteinbeckens</a> lag in <a href="Norddeutschland" title="Norddeutschland">Nord-</a> und <a href="Mitteldeutschland" title="Mitteldeutschland">Mitteldeutschland</a> sowie in <a href="Polen" title="Polen">Polen</a>. Der Zechstein folgt auf die Gesteinseinheit des Rotliegend und wird von der lithostratigraphischen Gruppe des Buntsandstein überlagert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte_und_Namensgebung">Geschichte und Namensgebung</h2></div>
<p>Zechstein ist einerseits ein <a href="Bergmannssprache" title="Bergmannssprache">bergmännischer Begriff</a>, der „zäher Stein“ bedeutet. Andererseits erinnert dieses Wort an den „Zechstein“, auf dem die <a href="Zeche" title="Zeche">Zechen</a> (Bergwerksgebäude) für den <a href="Abbau_(Bergbau)" title="Abbau (Bergbau)">Abbau</a> des <a href="Kupferschiefer" title="Kupferschiefer">Kupferschiefers</a> lagen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Der Zechstein im lithostratigraphischen Sinne beginnt mit der Ablagerung des Kupferschiefers. Das von Norden kommende <a href="Zechsteinmeer" title="Zechsteinmeer">Zechsteinmeer</a> hinterließ bei seinen großräumigen <a href="Transgression_(Geologie)" title="Transgression (Geologie)">Vorstößen</a> in die heutigen mitteleuropäischen Regionen bis zu sieben Zyklen mit teils <a href="Siliziklastika" title="Siliziklastika">siliziklastischen</a>, teils <a href="Karbonatgestein" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbonatgestein">karbonatischen</a>, teils <a href="Evaporit" title="Evaporit">evaporitischen</a> Sedimenten (Werra, Staßfurt, Leine, Aller, Ohre, Friesland und Fulda). In der Literatur wird gelegentlich noch ein achter Zyklus diskutiert, der bisher aber nicht sicher nachgewiesen werden konnte. Ein Zyklus besteht im Idealfall aus <a href="Tonstein" title="Tonstein">Tonstein</a>, überlagert von <a href="Kalkstein" title="Kalkstein">Kalkstein</a> bzw. <a href="Dolomit_(Gestein)" title="Dolomit (Gestein)">Dolomit</a> und darüber eine Folge aus <a href="Anhydrit" title="Anhydrit">Anhydrit</a>, <a href="Steinsalz" title="Steinsalz">Steinsalz</a> und <a href="Kalisalz" title="Kalisalz">Kalisalz</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aufgrund regionaler Varianz in der <a href="Geomorphologie" title="Geomorphologie">Morphologie</a> des <a href="Grundgebirge" title="Grundgebirge">Grundgebirges</a> sowie aufgrund eines Wandels dieser Paläogeographie im Laufe des Oberperms sind nirgends im Zechsteinbecken alle sieben Zyklen vollständig ausgebildet.
</p><p>Der Zechstein wird heute im Wesentlichen mit den internationalen <a href="Chronostratigraphie" title="Chronostratigraphie">chronostratigraphischen</a> <a href="Stufe_(Geologie)" title="Stufe (Geologie)">Stufen</a> des <a href="Wuchiapingium" title="Wuchiapingium">Wuchiapingium</a> und <a href="Changhsingium" title="Changhsingium">Changhsingium</a> korreliert, die zur <a href="Serie_(Geologie)" title="Serie (Geologie)">Serie</a> des <a href="Lopingium" title="Lopingium">Lopingium</a> (oder Oberperm) zusammengefasst werden. Der Zechstein endet jedoch noch kurz vor der Perm-Trias-Grenze im oberen Changhsingium. Die Zechsteinbasis ist <a href="Diachronie_(Geologie)" title="Diachronie (Geologie)">diachron</a>, und deshalb könnte die Rotliegend-Sedimentation noch bis in das Wuchiapingium hineinreichen.<sup id="cite_ref-Beginn_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beginn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Geochronologie" title="Geochronologie">absoluten Zahlen</a> ausgedrückt begann der Zechstein vor etwa 257,3 Millionen Jahren und endete vor etwa 251 Millionen Jahren.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Untergliederung">Untergliederung</h2></div>
<p>Die Zechstein-Gruppe gliedert sich im Beckenzentrum in Norddeutschland in sieben Formationen, die den sieben Zyklen entsprechen (in stratigraphischer Abfolge):
</p>
<ul><li>Fulda-Formation (zFu)</li>
<li>Friesland-Formation (zFr)</li>
<li>Ohre-Formation (zO)</li>
<li>Aller-Formation (zA)</li>
<li>Leine-Formation (zL)</li>
<li>Staßfurt-Formation (zS)</li>
<li>Werra-Formation (zW)</li></ul>
<p>Am Beckenrand am Ostrand des Rheinischen Schiefergebirges:
</p>
<ul><li>Frankenberg-Formation (zFb)</li>
<li>Geismar-Formation (zGs)</li>
<li>Stätteberg-Formation (zSb)</li>
<li>Battenberg-Formation (rzBt)</li></ul>
<p>In der Nordpfalz, ebenfalls am Beckenrand, wird abgelagert:
</p>
<ul><li>Stauf-Formation (zSt)</li></ul>
<p>In der Oberpfalz:
</p>
<ul><li>Lindau-Formation (zLi)</li></ul>
<p>Am Beckenrand in Baden-Württemberg wird die Zechstein-Gruppe in vier Formationen untergliedert:
</p>
<ul><li>Tigersandstein-Formation (zT)</li>
<li>Langenthal-Formation (zLa)</li>
<li>Zechsteindolomit-Formation (zD)</li>
<li>Kirnbach-Formation (zK)</li></ul>
<p>Die Kirnbach-Formation verzahnt sich mit der Zechsteindolomit-Formation und der Tigersandstein-Formation, letztere verzahnt sich auch mit der Langenthal-Formation.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wirtschaftliche_Bedeutung">Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung</h2></div>
<p>Der <a href="Kupferschiefer" title="Kupferschiefer">Kupferschiefer</a> hatte auf Grund seiner regional verstärkt auftretenden <a href="Buntmetall" title="Buntmetall">Buntmetallführung</a> als Silber- und Kupferlieferant vom Mittelalter bis zum Ende des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts große <a href="Volkswirtschaft" title="Volkswirtschaft">volkswirtschaftliche</a> Bedeutung.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahlburg/Breitkreuz_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahlburg/Breitkreuz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Der zweite wichtige <a href="Bodenschatz" title="Bodenschatz">Bodenschatz</a>, der in der Zechsteinepoche gebildet wurde, sind die heute noch stark in Abbau stehenden <a href="Steinsalz" title="Steinsalz">Stein-</a> und <a href="Kalisalz" title="Kalisalz">Kalisalze</a>.
</p><p>Als dritter bedeutender Bodenschatz werden die mächtigen <a href="Anhydrit" title="Anhydrit">Anhydritvorkommen</a> bzw. der aus ihnen durch Wasseraufnahme hervorgegangene <a href="Gips" title="Gips">Gips</a> seit Jahrhunderten intensiv genutzt.<sup id="cite_ref-Karstwanderweg_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karstwanderweg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besonders im <a href="S%C3%BCdharzer_Zechsteing%C3%BCrtel" title="Südharzer Zechsteingürtel">Südharzer Zechsteingürtel</a> prägen <a href="Tagebau" title="Tagebau">Gipstagebaue</a> heute vielerorts das Landschaftsbild. Dies führt zu heftigen Kontroversen zwischen den Verbänden der Gipsindustrie<sup id="cite_ref-Kontroverse_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontroverse-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und Naturschutzbestrebungen.<sup id="cite_ref-Naturschutz_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naturschutz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Manfred Menning, Reinhard Gast, Hans Hagdorn, Karl-Christian Käding, Theo Simon, Michael Szurlies, Edgar Nitsch: <i>Zeitskala für Perm und Trias in der Stratigraphischen Tabelle von Deutschland 2002, zyklostratigraphische Kalibrierung der höheren Dyas und Germanischen Trias und das Alter der Stufen Roadium bis Rhaetium 2005.</i> Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 41(1-3): S. 173–210, Stuttgart 2005 <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220078-0421%22&key=cql">0078-0421</a></span></span></li>
<li>Edgar Nitsch, Hubert Zedler: <i>Oberkarbon und Perm in Baden-Württemberg.</i> Landesamt für Geologie, Rohstoffe und Bergbau, Informationen, 22: S. 7–102, Freiburg 2009.</li>
<li>Deutsche Stratigraphische Kommission (Hrsg.) (2020): <i>Stratigraphie von Deutschland XII, Zechstein</i>, Schriftenreihe der Dt. Geol. Ges. f. Geowissenschaften, Heft 89; Schweizerbart Science Publisher, Stuttgart, 648 S., ISBN 978-3-510-49241-1.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&query=4067424-1">Literatur zum Thema Zechstein</a> im Katalog der <a href="Deutsche_Nationalbibliothek" title="Deutsche Nationalbibliothek">Deutschen Nationalbibliothek</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphie.de/perm-trias/antrag69.pdf">Antrag 69: Zechstein-Formationen</a> (PDF; 21 kB) Subkommission für Perm-Trias-Stratigraphie in der Deutschen Stratigraphischen Kommission (DSK)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/Zechstein"><i>Zechstein</i>.</a> Mineralienatlas</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/geographie/zechstein/9189"><i>Zechstein.</i></a> In: <i>Lexikon der Geographie.</i> Spektrum,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 28. November 2021</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AZechstein&rft.title=Zechstein&rft.description=Zechstein&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spektrum.de%2Flexikon%2Fgeographie%2Fzechstein%2F9189&rft.publisher=Spektrum&rft.language=de"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Beginn-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beginn_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siehe Punkt „Alterseinstufung“ in H. Lützner: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208134623/http://litholex.bgr.de/gesamt_ausgabe_neu.php?id=22"><i>Neuenhof-Formation.</i></a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 8. Dezember 2015 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>) In: LithoLex [Online-Datenbank]. BGR, Hannover, Datensatz-Nr.: 22, zuletzt aktualisiert am 10. Januar 2007; abgerufen am 3. Dezember 2015</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bahlburg/Breitkreuz-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bahlburg/Breitkreuz_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Heinrich Bahlburg, <a href="Christoph_Breitkreuz" title="Christoph Breitkreuz">Christoph Breitkreuz</a>: <i>Grundlagen der Geologie</i>. 2. Auflage. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, München 2004, S. 129</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Karstwanderweg-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Karstwanderweg_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mandy Henning:
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karstwanderweg.de/publika/dipl_arb/henning/diplomarbeit.pdf"><i>Freiwillige Kooperationen zwischen Naturschutz und Gipsindustrie am Beispiel des Landkreises Osterode am Harz.</i></a> (PDF; 3,21 MB) Dipl.-Arb., Univ. Lüneburg, Fachbereich Umweltwissenschaften, 2006, S. 31 ff.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kontroverse-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kontroverse_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gipsimdialog.de/">Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Harzer Gipsunternehmen</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Naturschutz-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Naturschutz_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturschatz.org/gips/index.html">Naturfreunde Niedersachsen: Gipskarst im Südharz</a></span>
</li>
</ol>
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Normdaten (Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4067424-1">4067424-1</a></span> </div>
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